Back to Patient EducationCondition Guide

What Is Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?

Polycystic kidney disease, or PKD, is a condition where many fluid-filled cysts grow in the kidneys over time. As the cysts enlarge, they can damage healthy kidney tissue and gradually reduce kidney function.

The key things to know about PKD

PKD causes cysts to grow in the kidneys

These fluid-filled sacs can enlarge over time and crowd out healthy kidney tissue.

The most common type is inherited

Autosomal dominant PKD often runs in families, though not everyone knows the family history right away.

It can affect more than the kidneys

Some people also develop cysts in the liver or have other complications that need monitoring.

Common signs and symptoms

  • High blood pressure
  • Pain or pressure in the back, side, or belly
  • Blood in the urine
  • Repeated urinary tract or kidney infections
  • Kidney stones
  • Gradual loss of kidney function over time

Some people find out because of symptoms, but others learn they have PKD after imaging is done for another reason or because a family member was diagnosed.

How doctors diagnose it

Review of family history and symptoms

Imaging such as ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to look for kidney cysts

Blood tests to track creatinine and eGFR

Urine testing to check for blood or protein

Sometimes genetic testing, especially when the diagnosis is unclear or family planning questions matter

Imaging is central in PKD because it lets doctors see how many cysts are present and how large the kidneys have become over time.

What treatment focuses on

Control blood pressure early

High blood pressure is common in PKD and controlling it is one of the most important ways to protect kidney function.

Treat pain, infections, and stones promptly

Complications like cyst pain, urinary infections, or stones need attention because they can affect quality of life and kidney health.

Monitor kidney size and function over time

PKD often changes gradually, so repeat labs and imaging help track how fast the disease is progressing.

Discuss disease-specific treatment when appropriate

Some patients may be candidates for medicines aimed at slowing cyst growth, depending on age, kidney function, and risk of progression.

Questions to ask your nephrologist

  • Do you think I have autosomal dominant PKD or another type of cystic kidney disease?
  • How large are my kidneys or cyst burden, and what does that mean for progression?
  • What blood pressure goal should I aim for at home?
  • Do I need genetic testing or family screening?
  • Am I a candidate for treatment aimed at slowing PKD progression?
  • How often should I repeat labs or imaging?

PKD is easier to manage when you can track the trend

Blood pressure, kidney function, symptoms, and treatment changes tell the real story over time. Organized tracking makes those patterns easier to see.

Get Started - It's Free